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Though

Types of Thoughts

Concept (概念)

Mental representation or an abstract object

Abstract concept (抽象概念)

Metaphysics concept covering the divide between two types of entities

Concrete concept (具体概念)

Metaphysics concept covering the divide between two types of entities

Conjecture (猜想)

Proposition(命题) in mathematics that is unproven

Decision (决策)

Definition (定义)

Statement that attaches a meaning to a term(赋予术语含义)

Explanation (解释)

Set of statements constructed to describe a set of facts which clarifies causes(阐明原因)

Hypothesis (假设)

Proposed explanation(提出的解释) for an observation. phenomenon. or scientific problem

Idea (想法)

Mental image(心理形象) or concept

Logical argument (逻辑论证)

Logical assertion (逻辑断言)

Mental image (心理形象)

Representation(表现) in the mind of objects. activities or events. whether they existed or not

Percept / Perception (感知)

Premise (前提)

Statement that an argument claims will induce(主张将得出) or justify a conclusion(证明结论)

Proposition (命题)

Non-linguistic(非语言) meaning of a sentence

Syllogism (三段论)

Type of logical argument that applies deductive reasoning(演绎推理)

Theory (理论)

Supposition(假设) or system of ideas intended to explain something

Thought experiment (思想实验)

Hypothetical(假设) situation

Content Of thoughts

Argument (论证)

Attempt to persuade(说服) or to determine the truth of a conclusion(结论)

Belief (信念)

Psychological state of holding a proposition(前提) or premise(命题) to be true

Communication (沟通)

Act of conveying intended meaning(预期意义)

Data

Units of information

Information

Facts provided or learned about something or someone

Knowledge

Awareness(认识) of facts or being competent(能力)

Schema

Technique to encode and retrieve(检索) memories

Types of Thought (Thinking)

  • Animal thought
  • Human thought
    • Analysis – Process of understanding a complex topic or substance
    • Awareness – State or ability to perceive, to feel, or to be conscious of events, objects, or sensory patterns
    • Calculation – Arithmetical calculations using only the human brain Estimation – Process of finding an approximation
    • Categorization – Organization of things, objects, and ideas
    • Cognitive restructuring – Type of psychological therapy
    • Computational thinking
    • Convergent thinking
    • Counterfactual thinking – Concept in psychology
    • Critical thinking – Analysis of facts to form a judgment
    • Data thinking
    • Evaluation – A systematic determination of a subject’s merit, worth and significance,
    • Habit – Routine of behavior that is repeated regularly and tends to occur subconsciously
    • Integrative thinking
    • Intrapersonal communication – Process of communication with oneself
    • Introspection – Examining one’s own thoughts and feelings
    • Learning – Process of acquiring new knowledge and memory
    • Parallel thinking
    • Prediction – Statement about a future event
    • Recollection
    • Stochastic thinking
    • Strategic thinking – Cognitive activity
    • Training – Acquisition of knowledge, skills, and competencies as a result of teaching or practice
    • Visual thinking – Thinking through visual processing
    • Classifications of thought
      • Bloom’s taxonomy – Classification system in education
      • Dual process theory – Psychological theory of how thought can arise in two different ways
      • Fluid and crystallized intelligence – Factors of general intelligence
      • Higher-order thinking – Concept of education reform
      • Theory of multiple intelligences – Theory of intelligence proposed by Howard Gardner
      • Three-stratum theory
      • Williams’ taxonomy
    • Creative processes
      • Brainstorming – Group creativity technique
      • Cognitive module
      • Creativity – Forming something new and somehow valuable
      • Creative problem solving
      • Creative writing – Academic discipline concerned with creating literature
      • Creativity techniques – Methods devised to encourage creative actions
      • Design thinking – Processes by which design concepts are developed
      • Divergent thinking – A method of generating creative ideas
      • Imagination – Creative ability
      • Lateral thinking – Manner of solving problems
      • Noogenesis
      • Six Thinking Hats – 1985 book by Maltese Dr. Edward de Bono
      • Speech act – Utterance that serves a performative function
      • Speed thinking
      • Stream of consciousness – Metaphor describing how thoughts seem to flow through the conscious mind
      • Thinking outside the box – Metaphor for unconventional thinking
    • Decision-making
      • Choice – Deciding between multiple options
      • Cybernetics – Transdisciplinary field concerned with regulatory and purposive systems
      • Decision theory – Branch of applied probability theory
      • Executive functions – Cognitive processes necessary for control of behavior Goals and goal setting
      • Judgement – Decision making; evaluation of evidence to make a decision
      • Planning – Regarding the activities required to achieve a desired goal
      • Rational choice theory – Sociological theory
      • Speech act – Utterance that serves a performative function
      • Value (personal and cultural)
      • Value judgment – Philosophical and ethical concept
    • Erroneous thinking
      • Black and white thinking
      • Catastrophization
      • Cognitive bias – Systematic pattern of deviation from norm or rationality in judgment
      • Cognitive distortion – Exaggerated or irrational thought patterns
      • Dysrationalia – Inability to think and behave rationally despite adequate intelligence
      • Emotional reasoning
      • Exaggeration – Statement that represents something in an excessive manner
      • Foolishness – Lack of social norms causing offence or similar effect
        • Fallacies – Argument that uses faulty reasoning (see also List of fallacies)
        • Fallacies of definition
      • Logical fallacy – Form of incorrect argument in natural language
      • Groupthink – Psychological phenomenon that occurs within a group of people
      • Irrationality – Thinking, talking, or acting without inclusion of rationality
      • Linguistic error – Deviation from what is corrects
      • Magical thinking – Belief in the connection of unrelated events
      • Minimisation (psychology) – Type of deception
      • Motivated reasoning – Using emotionally-biased reasoning to produce justifications or make decisions
      • Rationalization (psychology) – Psychological defense mechanism
      • Rhetoric – Art of discourse
      • Straight and Crooked Thinking (book)
      • Target fixation – Attentional phenomenon
      • Wishful thinking – Formation of beliefs based on what might be pleasing to imagine
    • Emotional intelligence (emotionally based thinking) Emotional intelligence – Capability to understand one’s emotions and use it to guide thinking and behavior.
      • Acting – Story telling by enacting a character
      • Affect logic
      • Allophilia – Positive attitude towards others who are different
      • Attitude (psychology) – Psychological construct, a mental and emotional entity that inheres in, or characterizes a person
      • Curiosity – Quality related to inquisitive thinking
      • Elaboration likelihood model – Dual process theory
      • Emotion – Conscious subjective experience of humanss and feelings
      • Emotion and memory – Critical factors contributing to the emotional enhancement effect on human memory
      • Emotional contagion – Spontaneous spread of emotions among a group
      • Empathy – Capacity to understand or feel what another person is experiencing
      • Epiphany (feeling) – Sudden understanding of something’s essence
      • Mood (psychology) – Relatively long lasting emotional, internal and subjective state
      • Motivation – Psychological feature that arouses an organism to action toward a desired goal
      • Propositional attitude – Concept in epistemology
      • Rhetoric – Art of discourse
      • Self actualization
      • Self control
      • Self-esteem – Human emotional need
      • Self-determination theory – Macro theory of human motivation and personality
      • Social cognition – Study of cognitive processes involved in social interactions
      • Will (philosophy) – Faculty that selects among a being’s desires
      • Volition (psychology) – Cognitive process by which an individual decides on and commits to a particular course of action
    • Problem solving Problem solving – Approaches to problem solving
      • Problem solving steps
        • Problem finding – Problem discovery
        • Problem shaping
      • Process of elimination – Logical method to identify an entity of interest among several ones by excluding all other entities
      • Systems thinking – Examining complex systems as a whole
        • Critical systems thinking
      • Problem-solving strategy – steps one would use to find the problem(s) that are in the way to getting to one’s own goal. Some would refer to this as the ‘problem-solving cycle’ (Bransford & Stein, 1993). In this cycle one will recognize the problem, mark: the problem, develop a strategy to fix the problem, organize the knowledge of the problem cycle, figure-out the resources at the user’s disposal, monitor one’s progress, and evaluate the solution for accuracy.
        • Abstraction – Process of generalisation – solving the problem in a model of the system before applying it to the real system
        • Analogy – Cognitive process of transferring information or meaning from a particular subject to another – using a solution that solves an analogous problem
        • Brainstorming – Group creativity technique – (especially among groups of people) suggesting a large number of solutions or ideas and combining and developing them until an optimum solution is found
        • Divide and conquer – Process of understanding a complex topic or substance – breaking down a large, complex problem into smaller, solvable problems
        • Hypothesis testing – assuming a possible explanation to the problem and trying to prove (or, in some contexts, disprove) the assumption
        • Lateral thinking – Manner of solving problems – approaching solutions indirectly and creatively
          • Oblique Strategies – Set of cards intended to promote creativity
          • Parallel thinking
          • Provocative operation
          • Six Thinking Hats – 1985 book by Maltese Dr. Edward de Bono
        • Means-ends analysis – choosing an action at each step to move closer to the goal
        • Morphological analysis – Exploration of possible solutions – assessing the output and interactions of an entire system
        • Proof – try to prove that the problem cannot be solved. The point where the proof fails will be the starting point for solving it
        • Reduction – transforming the problem into another problem for which solutions exist
        • Research – Systematic study undertaken to increase knowledge – employing existing ideas or adapting existing solutions to similar problems
        • Root cause analysis – Method of identifying the fundamental causes of faults or problems – identifying the cause of a problem
        • Thinking outside the box – Metaphor for unconventional thinking
        • Trial-and-error – testing possible solutions until the right one is found
        • Troubleshooting – Form of problem solving, often applied to repair failed products or processes –
      • Problem-solving methodology
        • 5 Whys
        • Decision cycle – Sequence of steps for decision-making
        • Eight Disciplines Problem Solving
        • GROW model
        • How to Solve It
        • Learning cycle – How people learn from experience
        • OODA loop – Observe–orient–decide–act cycle (observe, orient, decide, and act)
        • PDCA – Iterative design and management method used in business (plan–do–check–act)
        • Problem structuring methods
        • RPR Problem Diagnosis (rapid problem resolution)
        • TRIZ – Problem-solving tools (in Russian: Teoriya Resheniya Izobretatelskikh Zadatch, “theory of solving inventor’s problems”)
        • Vertical thinking – Thinking technique that involves an analytical approach to problem solving
    • Reasoning
      • Abstract thinking – Process of generalisation
      • Adaptive reasoning
      • Analogical reasoning – Cognitive process of transferring information or meaning from a particular subject to another
      • Analytic reasoning
      • Case-based reasoning – Process of solving new problems based on the solutions of similar past problems
      • Critical thinking – Analysis of facts to form a judgment
      • Defeasible reasoning – Reasoning that is rationally compelling, though not deductively valid – from authority: if p then (defeasibly) q
      • Diagrammatic reasoning – reasoning by means of visual representations. Visualizing concepts and ideas with of diagrams and imagery instead of by linguistic or algebraic means
      • Emotional reasoning (erroneous) – a cognitive distortion in which emotion overpowers reason, to the point the subject is unwilling or unable to accept the reality of a situation because of it.
      • Fallacious reasoning (erroneous) – logical errors
      • Heuristic – Problem-solving method that is sufficient for immediate solutions or approximationss
      • Historical thinking
      • Intuitive reasoning
      • Lateral thinking – Manner of solving problems
      • Logic – Study of correct reasoning / Logical reasoning
        • Abductive reasoning – Form of logical inference which seeks the simplest and most likely explanation – from data and theory: p and q are correlated, and q is sufficient for p; hence, if p then (abducibly) q as cause
        • Deductive reasoning – Form of reasoning – from meaning postulate, axiom, or contingent assertion: if p then q (i.e., q or not-p)
        • Inductive reasoning – Method of logical reasoning – theory formation; from data, coherence, simplicity, and confirmation: (inducibly) “if p then q”; hence, if p then (deducibly-but-revisably) q
        • Inference – Act or process of deriving logical conclusions from premises known or assumed to be true
      • Moral reasoning – Study in psychology that overlaps with moral philosophy – process in which an individual tries to determine the difference between what is right and what is wrong in a personal situation by using logic.[5] This is an important and often daily process that people use in an attempt to do the right thing. Every day for instance, people are faced with the dilemma of whether or not to lie in a given situation. People make this decision by reasoning the morality of the action and weighing that against its consequences.
      • Probabilistic reasoning – from combinatorics and indifference: if p then (probably) q
      • Proportional reasoning – using “the concept of proportions when analyzing and solving a mathematical situation.”[6]
      • Rational thinking
      • Semiosis
      • Statistical reasoning – from data and presumption: the frequency of qs among ps is high (or inference from a model fit to data); hence, (in the right context) if p then (probably) q
      • Strategic thinking – Cognitive activity
      • Synthetic reasoning
      • Verbal reasoning – understanding and reasoning using concepts framed in words
      • Visual reasoning – process of manipulating one’s mental image of an object in order to reach a certain conclusion – for example, mentally constructing a piece of machinery to experiment with different mechanisms
  • Machine thought
  • Organizational thought Organizational thought (thinking by organizations)
    • Management information system – Information system used for decision-making
    • Organizational communication – Field of study in communication studies
    • Organizational planning
      • Strategic planning – Organizational decision making process
    • Strategic thinking – Cognitive activity
    • Systems theory – Interdisciplinary study of systems

Aspects of the thinker

Aspects of the thinker which may affect (help or hamper) his or her thinking:

  • Ability – Ability to influence the behavior of others
  • Aptitude – Ability; competence to do a certain kind of work at a certain level
  • Attitude – Psychological construct, a mental and emotional entity that inheres in, or characterizes a person
  • Behavior – Actions by entities within a system
  • Cognitive style – Concept in cognitive psychology
  • Common sense – Sound practical judgement in everyday matters
  • Experience – Conscious event, perception or practical knowledge
  • Instinct – Behaviour due to innate biological factors
  • Intelligence – Ability to perceive, infer, retain or apply information
  • Metacognition – Thinking about thinking, higher-order thinking skills
  • Mental image – Representation in the mind of objects, activities or events, whether they existed or not
  • Mindset – Term in decision theory and general systems theory
  • Preference – To like one thing more than another
  • Rationality – Quality of being agreeable to reason
  • Skill – Ability to carry out a task
  • Wisdom – Ability to think and act using knowledge, experience, understanding, common sense and insight
  • Sapience

Properties of thought

  • Accuracy and precision – Characterization of measurement error Cogency
  • Dogma – Belief(s) accepted by members of a group without question
  • Effectiveness – Capability of producing the desired result
  • Efficacy – Ablility to finish a task satisfactorily
  • Efficiency – Degree to which a process minimizes waste of resources
  • Freethought – Position that beliefs should be formed only on the basis of logic, reason, and empiricism
  • Frugality – Being frugal in the consumption of consumable resources
  • Meaning
  • Prudence – The ability of a person to regulate themselves with the use of reason
  • Rights – Legal, social, or ethical principles
  • Skepticism – Doubtful attitude toward knowledge claims
  • Soundness – Logical term meaning that an argument is valid and its premises are true
  • Validity – Argument whose conclusion must be true if its premises are
  • Value theory – Concept in sociology and philosophy
  • Wrongdoing – Act that is illegal or immoral

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